n8n-code-python

SKILL.md

Python Code Node (Beta)

Expert guidance for writing Python code in n8n Code nodes.

⚠️ Important: JavaScript First

Recommendation: Use JavaScript for 95% of use cases. Only use Python when:

You need specific Python standard library functions

You're significantly more comfortable with Python syntax

You're doing data transformations better suited to Python

Why JavaScript is preferred:

Full n8n helper functions ($helpers.httpRequest, etc.)

Luxon DateTime library for advanced date/time operations

No external library limitations

Better n8n documentation and community support

Quick Start

# Basic template for Python Code nodes
items = _input.all()

# Process data
processed = []
for item in items:
    processed.append({
        "json": {
            **item["json"],
            "processed": True,
            "timestamp": datetime.now().isoformat()
        }
    })

return processed

Essential Rules

Consider JavaScript first - Use Python only when necessary

Access data: _input.all(), _input.first(), or _input.item

CRITICAL: Must return [{"json": {...}}] format

CRITICAL: Webhook data is under _json["body"] (not _json directly)

CRITICAL LIMITATION: No external libraries (no requests, pandas, numpy)

Standard library only: json, datetime, re, base64, hashlib, urllib.parse, math, random, statistics

Mode Selection Guide

Same as JavaScript - choose based on your use case:

Run Once for All Items (Recommended - Default)

Use this mode for: 95% of use cases

How it works: Code executes once regardless of input count

Data access: _input.all() or _items array (Native mode)

Best for: Aggregation, filtering, batch processing, transformations

Performance: Faster for multiple items (single execution)

# Example: Calculate total from all items
all_items = _input.all()
total = sum(item["json"].get("amount", 0) for item in all_items)

return [{
    "json": {
        "total": total,
        "count": len(all_items),
        "average": total / len(all_items) if all_items else 0
    }
}]

Run Once for Each Item

Use this mode for: Specialized cases only

How it works: Code executes separately for each input item

Data access: _input.item or _item (Native mode)

Best for: Item-specific logic, independent operations, per-item validation

Performance: Slower for large datasets (multiple executions)

# Example: Add processing timestamp to each item
item = _input.item

return [{
    "json": {
        **item["json"],
        "processed": True,
        "processed_at": datetime.now().isoformat()
    }
}]

Python Modes: Beta vs Native

n8n offers two Python execution modes:

Python (Beta) - Recommended

Use: _input, _json, _node helper syntax

Best for: Most Python use cases

Helpers available: _now, _today, _jmespath()

Import: from datetime import datetime

# Python (Beta) example
items = _input.all()
now = _now  # Built-in datetime object

return [{
    "json": {
        "count": len(items),
        "timestamp": now.isoformat()
    }
}]

Python (Native) (Beta)

Use: _items, _item variables only

No helpers: No _input, _now, etc.

More limited: Standard Python only

Use when: Need pure Python without n8n helpers

# Python (Native) example
processed = []

for item in _items:
    processed.append({
        "json": {
            "id": item["json"].get("id"),
            "processed": True
        }
    })

return processed

Recommendation: Use Python (Beta) for better n8n integration.

Data Access Patterns

Pattern 1: _input.all() - Most Common

Use when: Processing arrays, batch operations, aggregations

# Get all items from previous node
all_items = _input.all()

# Filter, transform as needed
valid = [item for item in all_items if item["json"].get("status") == "active"]

processed = []
for item in valid:
    processed.append({
        "json": {
            "id": item["json"]["id"],
            "name": item["json"]["name"]
        }
    })

return processed

Pattern 2: _input.first() - Very Common

Use when: Working with single objects, API responses

# Get first item only
first_item = _input.first()
data = first_item["json"]

return [{
    "json": {
        "result": process_data(data),
        "processed_at": datetime.now().isoformat()
    }
}]

Pattern 3: _input.item - Each Item Mode Only

Use when: In "Run Once for Each Item" mode

# Current item in loop (Each Item mode only)
current_item = _input.item

return [{
    "json": {
        **current_item["json"],
        "item_processed": True
    }
}]

Pattern 4: _node - Reference Other Nodes

Use when: Need data from specific nodes in workflow

# Get output from specific node
webhook_data = _node["Webhook"]["json"]
http_data = _node["HTTP Request"]["json"]

return [{
    "json": {
        "combined": {
            "webhook": webhook_data,
            "api": http_data
        }
    }
}]

See: DATA_ACCESS.md for comprehensive guide

Critical: Webhook Data Structure

MOST COMMON MISTAKE: Webhook data is nested under ["body"]

# ❌ WRONG - Will raise KeyError
name = _json["name"]
email = _json["email"]

# ✅ CORRECT - Webhook data is under ["body"]
name = _json["body"]["name"]
email = _json["body"]["email"]

# ✅ SAFER - Use .get() for safe access
webhook_data = _json.get("body", {})
name = webhook_data.get("name")

Why: Webhook node wraps all request data under body property. This includes POST data, query parameters, and JSON payloads.

See: DATA_ACCESS.md for full webhook structure details

Return Format Requirements

CRITICAL RULE: Always return list of dictionaries with "json" key

Correct Return Formats

# ✅ Single result
return [{
    "json": {
        "field1": value1,
        "field2": value2
    }
}]

# ✅ Multiple results
return [
    {"json": {"id": 1, "data": "first"}},
    {"json": {"id": 2, "data": "second"}}
]

# ✅ List comprehension
transformed = [
    {"json": {"id": item["json"]["id"], "processed": True}}
    for item in _input.all()
    if item["json"].get("valid")
]
return transformed

# ✅ Empty result (when no data to return)
return []

# ✅ Conditional return
if should_process:
    return [{"json": processed_data}]
else:
    return []

Incorrect Return Formats

# ❌ WRONG: Dictionary without list wrapper
return {
    "json": {"field": value}
}

# ❌ WRONG: List without json wrapper
return [{"field": value}]

# ❌ WRONG: Plain string
return "processed"

# ❌ WRONG: Incomplete structure
return [{"data": value}]  # Should be {"json": value}

Why it matters: Next nodes expect list format. Incorrect format causes workflow execution to fail.

See: ERROR_PATTERNS.md #2 for detailed error solutions

Critical Limitation: No External Libraries

MOST IMPORTANT PYTHON LIMITATION: Cannot import external packages

What's NOT Available

# ❌ NOT AVAILABLE - Will raise ModuleNotFoundError
import requests  # ❌ No
import pandas  # ❌ No
import numpy  # ❌ No
import scipy  # ❌ No
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup  # ❌ No
import lxml  # ❌ No

What IS Available (Standard Library)

# ✅ AVAILABLE - Standard library only
import json  # ✅ JSON parsing
import datetime  # ✅ Date/time operations
import re  # ✅ Regular expressions
import base64  # ✅ Base64 encoding/decoding
import hashlib  # ✅ Hashing functions
import urllib.parse  # ✅ URL parsing
import math  # ✅ Math functions
import random  # ✅ Random numbers
import statistics  # ✅ Statistical functions

Workarounds

Need HTTP requests?

✅ Use HTTP Request node before Code node

✅ Or switch to JavaScript and use $helpers.httpRequest()

Need data analysis (pandas/numpy)?

✅ Use Python statistics module for basic stats

✅ Or switch to JavaScript for most operations

✅ Manual calculations with lists and dictionaries

Need web scraping (BeautifulSoup)?

✅ Use HTTP Request node + HTML Extract node

✅ Or switch to JavaScript with regex/string methods

See: STANDARD_LIBRARY.md for complete reference

Common Patterns Overview

Based on production workflows, here are the most useful Python patterns:

1. Data Transformation

Transform all items with list comprehensions

items = _input.all()

return [
    {
        "json": {
            "id": item["json"].get("id"),
            "name": item["json"].get("name", "Unknown").upper(),
            "processed": True
        }
    }
    for item in items
]

2. Filtering & Aggregation

Sum, filter, count with built-in functions

items = _input.all()
total = sum(item["json"].get("amount", 0) for item in items)
valid_items = [item for item in items if item["json"].get("amount", 0) > 0]

return [{
    "json": {
        "total": total,
        "count": len(valid_items)
    }
}]

3. String Processing with Regex

Extract patterns from text

import re

items = _input.all()
email_pattern = r'\b[A-Za-z0-9._%+-]+@[A-Za-z0-9.-]+\.[A-Z|a-z]{2,}\b'

all_emails = []
for item in items:
    text = item["json"].get("text", "")
    emails = re.findall(email_pattern, text)
    all_emails.extend(emails)

# Remove duplicates
unique_emails = list(set(all_emails))

return [{
    "json": {
        "emails": unique_emails,
        "count": len(unique_emails)
    }
}]

4. Data Validation

Validate and clean data

items = _input.all()
validated = []

for item in items:
    data = item["json"]
    errors = []

    # Validate fields
    if not data.get("email"):
        errors.append("Email required")
    if not data.get("name"):
        errors.append("Name required")

    validated.append({
        "json": {
            **data,
            "valid": len(errors) == 0,
            "errors": errors if errors else None
        }
    })

return validated

5. Statistical Analysis

Calculate statistics with statistics module

from statistics import mean, median, stdev

items = _input.all()
values = [item["json"].get("value", 0) for item in items if "value" in item["json"]]

if values:
    return [{
        "json": {
            "mean": mean(values),
            "median": median(values),
            "stdev": stdev(values) if len(values) > 1 else 0,
            "min": min(values),
            "max": max(values),
            "count": len(values)
        }
    }]
else:
    return [{"json": {"error": "No values found"}}]

See: COMMON_PATTERNS.md for 10 detailed Python patterns

Error Prevention - Top 5 Mistakes

#1: Importing External Libraries (Python-Specific!)

# ❌ WRONG: Trying to import external library
import requests  # ModuleNotFoundError!

# ✅ CORRECT: Use HTTP Request node or JavaScript
# Add HTTP Request node before Code node
# OR switch to JavaScript and use $helpers.httpRequest()

#2: Empty Code or Missing Return

# ❌ WRONG: No return statement
items = _input.all()
# Processing...
# Forgot to return!

# ✅ CORRECT: Always return data
items = _input.all()
# Processing...
return [{"json": item["json"]} for item in items]

#3: Incorrect Return Format

# ❌ WRONG: Returning dict instead of list
return {"json": {"result": "success"}}

# ✅ CORRECT: List wrapper required
return [{"json": {"result": "success"}}]

#4: KeyError on Dictionary Access

# ❌ WRONG: Direct access crashes if missing
name = _json["user"]["name"]  # KeyError!

# ✅ CORRECT: Use .get() for safe access
name = _json.get("user", {}).get("name", "Unknown")

#5: Webhook Body Nesting

# ❌ WRONG: Direct access to webhook data
email = _json["email"]  # KeyError!

# ✅ CORRECT: Webhook data under ["body"]
email = _json["body"]["email"]

# ✅ BETTER: Safe access with .get()
email = _json.get("body", {}).get("email", "no-email")

See: ERROR_PATTERNS.md for comprehensive error guide

Standard Library Reference

Most Useful Modules

# JSON operations
import json
data = json.loads(json_string)
json_output = json.dumps({"key": "value"})

# Date/time
from datetime import datetime, timedelta
now = datetime.now()
tomorrow = now + timedelta(days=1)
formatted = now.strftime("%Y-%m-%d")

# Regular expressions
import re
matches = re.findall(r'\d+', text)
cleaned = re.sub(r'[^\w\s]', '', text)

# Base64 encoding
import base64
encoded = base64.b64encode(data).decode()
decoded = base64.b64decode(encoded)

# Hashing
import hashlib
hash_value = hashlib.sha256(text.encode()).hexdigest()

# URL parsing
import urllib.parse
params = urllib.parse.urlencode({"key": "value"})
parsed = urllib.parse.urlparse(url)

# Statistics
from statistics import mean, median, stdev
average = mean([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])

See: STANDARD_LIBRARY.md for complete reference

Best Practices

1. Always Use .get() for Dictionary Access

# ✅ SAFE: Won't crash if field missing
value = item["json"].get("field", "default")

# ❌ RISKY: Crashes if field doesn't exist
value = item["json"]["field"]

2. Handle None/Null Values Explicitly

# ✅ GOOD: Default to 0 if None
amount = item["json"].get("amount") or 0

# ✅ GOOD: Check for None explicitly
text = item["json"].get("text")
if text is None:
    text = ""

3. Use List Comprehensions for Filtering

# ✅ PYTHONIC: List comprehension
valid = [item for item in items if item["json"].get("active")]

# ❌ VERBOSE: Manual loop
valid = []
for item in items:
    if item["json"].get("active"):
        valid.append(item)

4. Return Consistent Structure

# ✅ CONSISTENT: Always list with "json" key
return [{"json": result}]  # Single result
return results  # Multiple results (already formatted)
return []  # No results

5. Debug with print() Statements

# Debug statements appear in browser console (F12)
items = _input.all()
print(f"Processing {len(items)} items")
print(f"First item: {items[0] if items else 'None'}")

Production Gotchas

SplitInBatches Loop Semantics

The SplitInBatches node has two outputs:

main[0] = done — fires ONCE after all batches complete

main[1] = each batch — fires for every batch (the loop body)

Always add a Limit 1 node after the done output.

Correct Node Reference Syntax

# ❌ WRONG
data = _node['HTTP Request']['json']

# ✅ CORRECT - call .first() then access json
data = _node['HTTP Request'].first()['json']

Cross-Iteration Data Not Available in Python

$getWorkflowStaticData('global') may not be available in Python Beta mode. If you need to accumulate data across SplitInBatches iterations, use a JavaScript Code node for the accumulation logic instead.

When to Use Python vs JavaScript

Use Python When:

✅ You need statistics module for statistical operations

✅ You're significantly more comfortable with Python syntax

✅ Your logic maps well to list comprehensions

✅ You need specific standard library functions

Use JavaScript When:

✅ You need HTTP requests ($helpers.httpRequest())

✅ You need advanced date/time (DateTime/Luxon)

✅ You want better n8n integration

✅ For 95% of use cases (recommended)

Consider Other Nodes When:

❌ Simple field mapping → Use Set node

❌ Basic filtering → Use Filter node

❌ Simple conditionals → Use IF or Switch node

❌ HTTP requests only → Use HTTP Request node

Integration with Other Skills

Works With:

n8n Expression Syntax:

Expressions use {{ }} syntax in other nodes

Code nodes use Python directly (no {{ }})

When to use expressions vs code

n8n MCP Tools Expert:

How to find Code node: search_nodes({query: "code"})

Get configuration help: get_node({nodeType: "nodes-base.code"})

Validate code: validate_node({nodeType: "nodes-base.code", config: {...}})

n8n Node Configuration:

Mode selection (All Items vs Each Item)

Language selection (Python vs JavaScript)

Understanding property dependencies

n8n Workflow Patterns:

Code nodes in transformation step

When to use Python vs JavaScript in patterns

n8n Validation Expert:

Validate Code node configuration

Handle validation errors

Auto-fix common issues

n8n Code JavaScript:

When to use JavaScript instead

Comparison of JavaScript vs Python features

Migration from Python to JavaScript

Quick Reference Checklist

Before deploying Python Code nodes, verify:

 Considered JavaScript first - Using Python only when necessary

 Code is not empty - Must have meaningful logic

 Return statement exists - Must return list of dictionaries

 Proper return format - Each item: {"json": {...}}

 Data access correct - Using _input.all(), _input.first(), or _input.item

 No external imports - Only standard library (json, datetime, re, etc.)

 Safe dictionary access - Using .get() to avoid KeyError

 Webhook data - Access via ["body"] if from webhook

 Mode selection - "All Items" for most cases

 Output consistent - All code paths return same structure

Additional Resources

Related Files

DATA_ACCESS.md - Comprehensive Python data access patterns

COMMON_PATTERNS.md - 10 Python patterns for n8n

ERROR_PATTERNS.md - Top 5 errors and solutions

STANDARD_LIBRARY.md - Complete standard library reference

n8n Documentation

Code Node Guide: https://docs.n8n.io/code/code-node/

Python in n8n: https://docs.n8n.io/code/builtin/python-modules/

Ready to write Python in n8n Code nodes - but consider JavaScript first! Use Python for specific needs, reference the error patterns guide to avoid common mistakes, and leverage the standard library effectively.