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Implement Command Query Responsibility Segregation for scalable architectures. Use when separating read and write models, optimizing query performance, or…
CQRS Implementation
Comprehensive guide to implementing CQRS (Command Query Responsibility Segregation) patterns.
When to Use This Skill
Separating read and write concerns
Scaling reads independently from writes
Building event-sourced systems
Optimizing complex query scenarios
Different read/write data models needed
High-performance reporting requirements
Core Concepts
1. CQRS Architecture
┌─────────────┐
│ Client │
└──────┬──────┘
│
┌────────────┴────────────┐
│ │
▼ ▼
┌─────────────┐ ┌─────────────┐
│ Commands │ │ Queries │
│ API │ │ API │
└──────┬──────┘ └──────┬──────┘
│ │
▼ ▼
┌─────────────┐ ┌─────────────┐
│ Command │ │ Query │
│ Handlers │ │ Handlers │
└──────┬──────┘ └──────┬──────┘
│ │
▼ ▼
┌─────────────┐ ┌─────────────┐
│ Write │─────────►│ Read │
│ Model │ Events │ Model │
└─────────────┘ └─────────────┘
2. Key Components
Component
Responsibility
Command
Intent to change state
Command Handler
Validates and executes commands
Event
Record of state change
Query
Request for data
Query Handler
Retrieves data from read model
Projector
Updates read model from events
Templates
Template 1: Command Infrastructure
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
from dataclasses import dataclass
from typing import TypeVar, Generic, Dict, Any, Type
from datetime import datetime
import uuid
# Command base
@dataclass
class Command:
command_id: str = None
timestamp: datetime = None
def __post_init__(self):
self.command_id = self.command_id or str(uuid.uuid4())
self.timestamp = self.timestamp or datetime.utcnow()
# Concrete commands
@dataclass
class CreateOrder(Command):
customer_id: str
items: list
shipping_address: dict
@dataclass
class AddOrderItem(Command):
order_id: str
product_id: str
quantity: int
price: float
@dataclass
class CancelOrder(Command):
order_id: str
reason: str
# Command handler base
T = TypeVar('T', bound=Command)
class CommandHandler(ABC, Generic[T]):
@abstractmethod
async def handle(self, command: T) -> Any:
pass
# Command bus
class CommandBus:
def __init__(self):
self._handlers: Dict[Type[Command], CommandHandler] = {}
def register(self, command_type: Type[Command], handler: CommandHandler):
self._handlers[command_type] = handler
async def dispatch(self, command: Command) -> Any:
handler = self._handlers.get(type(command))
if not handler:
raise ValueError(f"No handler for {type(command).__name__}")
return await handler.handle(command)
# Command handler implementation
class CreateOrderHandler(CommandHandler[CreateOrder]):
def __init__(self, order_repository, event_store):
self.order_repository = order_repository
self.event_store = event_store
async def handle(self, command: CreateOrder) -> str:
# Validate
if not command.items:
raise ValueError("Order must have at least one item")
# Create aggregate
order = Order.create(
customer_id=command.customer_id,
items=command.items,
shipping_address=command.shipping_address
)
# Persist events
await self.event_store.append_events(
stream_id=f"Order-{order.id}",
stream_type="Order",
events=order.uncommitted_events
)
return order.id
Template 2: Query Infrastructure
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
from dataclasses import dataclass
from typing import TypeVar, Generic, List, Optional
# Query base
@dataclass
class Query:
pass
# Concrete queries
@dataclass
class GetOrderById(Query):
order_id: str
@dataclass
class GetCustomerOrders(Query):
customer_id: str
status: Optional[str] = None
page: int = 1
page_size: int = 20
@dataclass
class SearchOrders(Query):
query: str
filters: dict = None
sort_by: str = "created_at"
sort_order: str = "desc"
# Query result types
@dataclass
class OrderView:
order_id: str
customer_id: str
status: str
total_amount: float
item_count: int
created_at: datetime
shipped_at: Optional[datetime] = None
@dataclass
class PaginatedResult(Generic[T]):
items: List[T]
total: int
page: int
page_size: int
@property
def total_pages(self) -> int:
return (self.total + self.page_size - 1) // self.page_size
# Query handler base
T = TypeVar('T', bound=Query)
R = TypeVar('R')
class QueryHandler(ABC, Generic[T, R]):
@abstractmethod
async def handle(self, query: T) -> R:
pass
# Query bus
class QueryBus:
def __init__(self):
self._handlers: Dict[Type[Query], QueryHandler] = {}
def register(self, query_type: Type[Query], handler: QueryHandler):
self._handlers[query_type] = handler
async def dispatch(self, query: Query) -> Any:
handler = self._handlers.get(type(query))
if not handler:
raise ValueError(f"No handler for {type(query).__name__}")
return await handler.handle(query)
# Query handler implementation
class GetOrderByIdHandler(QueryHandler[GetOrderById, Optional[OrderView]]):
def __init__(self, read_db):
self.read_db = read_db
async def handle(self, query: GetOrderById) -> Optional[OrderView]:
async with self.read_db.acquire() as conn:
row = await conn.fetchrow(
"""
SELECT order_id, customer_id, status, total_amount,
item_count, created_at, shipped_at
FROM order_views
WHERE order_id = $1
""",
query.order_id
)
if row:
return OrderView(**dict(row))
return None
class GetCustomerOrdersHandler(QueryHandler[GetCustomerOrders, PaginatedResult[OrderView]]):
def __init__(self, read_db):
self.read_db = read_db
async def handle(self, query: GetCustomerOrders) -> PaginatedResult[OrderView]:
async with self.read_db.acquire() as conn:
# Build query with optional status filter
where_clause = "customer_id = $1"
params = [query.customer_id]
if query.status:
where_clause += " AND status = $2"
params.append(query.status)
# Get total count
total = await conn.fetchval(
f"SELECT COUNT(*) FROM order_views WHERE {where_clause}",
*params
)
# Get paginated results
offset = (query.page - 1) * query.page_size
rows = await conn.fetch(
f"""
SELECT order_id, customer_id, status, total_amount,
item_count, created_at, shipped_at
FROM order_views
WHERE {where_clause}
ORDER BY created_at DESC
LIMIT ${len(params) + 1} OFFSET ${len(params) + 2}
""",
*params, query.page_size, offset
)
return PaginatedResult(
items=[OrderView(**dict(row)) for row in rows],
total=total,
page=query.page,
page_size=query.page_size
)
Template 3: FastAPI CQRS Application
from fastapi import FastAPI, HTTPException, Depends
from pydantic import BaseModel
from typing import List, Optional
app = FastAPI()
# Request/Response models
class CreateOrderRequest(BaseModel):
customer_id: str
items: List[dict]
shipping_address: dict
class OrderResponse(BaseModel):
order_id: str
customer_id: str
status: str
total_amount: float
item_count: int
created_at: datetime
# Dependency injection
def get_command_bus() -> CommandBus:
return app.state.command_bus
def get_query_bus() -> QueryBus:
return app.state.query_bus
# Command endpoints (POST, PUT, DELETE)
@app.post("/orders", response_model=dict)
async def create_order(
request: CreateOrderRequest,
command_bus: CommandBus = Depends(get_command_bus)
):
command = CreateOrder(
customer_id=request.customer_id,
items=request.items,
shipping_address=request.shipping_address
)
order_id = await command_bus.dispatch(command)
return {"order_id": order_id}
@app.post("/orders/{order_id}/items")
async def add_item(
order_id: str,
product_id: str,
quantity: int,
price: float,
command_bus: CommandBus = Depends(get_command_bus)
):
command = AddOrderItem(
order_id=order_id,
product_id=product_id,
quantity=quantity,
price=price
)
await command_bus.dispatch(command)
return {"status": "item_added"}
@app.delete("/orders/{order_id}")
async def cancel_order(
order_id: str,
reason: str,
command_bus: CommandBus = Depends(get_command_bus)
):
command = CancelOrder(order_id=order_id, reason=reason)
await command_bus.dispatch(command)
return {"status": "cancelled"}
# Query endpoints (GET)
@app.get("/orders/{order_id}", response_model=OrderResponse)
async def get_order(
order_id: str,
query_bus: QueryBus = Depends(get_query_bus)
):
query = GetOrderById(order_id=order_id)
result = await query_bus.dispatch(query)
if not result:
raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Order not found")
return result
@app.get("/customers/{customer_id}/orders")
async def get_customer_orders(
customer_id: str,
status: Optional[str] = None,
page: int = 1,
page_size: int = 20,
query_bus: QueryBus = Depends(get_query_bus)
):
query = GetCustomerOrders(
customer_id=customer_id,
status=status,
page=page,
page_size=page_size
)
return await query_bus.dispatch(query)
@app.get("/orders/search")
async def search_orders(
q: str,
sort_by: str = "created_at",
query_bus: QueryBus = Depends(get_query_bus)
):
query = SearchOrders(query=q, sort_by=sort_by)
return await query_bus.dispatch(query)
Template 4: Read Model Synchronization
class ReadModelSynchronizer:
"""Keeps read models in sync with events."""
def __init__(self, event_store, read_db, projections: List[Projection]):
self.event_store = event_store
self.read_db = read_db
self.projections = {p.name: p for p in projections}
async def run(self):
"""Continuously sync read models."""
while True:
for name, projection in self.projections.items():
await self._sync_projection(projection)
await asyncio.sleep(0.1)
async def _sync_projection(self, projection: Projection):
checkpoint = await self._get_checkpoint(projection.name)
events = await self.event_store.read_all(
from_position=checkpoint,
limit=100
)
for event in events:
if event.event_type in projection.handles():
try:
await projection.apply(event)
except Exception as e:
# Log error, possibly retry or skip
logger.error(f"Projection error: {e}")
continue
await self._save_checkpoint(projection.name, event.global_position)
async def rebuild_projection(self, projection_name: str):
"""Rebuild a projection from scratch."""
projection = self.projections[projection_name]
# Clear existing data
await projection.clear()
# Reset checkpoint
await self._save_checkpoint(projection_name, 0)
# Rebuild
while True:
checkpoint = await self._get_checkpoint(projection_name)
events = await self.event_store.read_all(checkpoint, 1000)
if not events:
break
for event in events:
if event.event_type in projection.handles():
await projection.apply(event)
await self._save_checkpoint(
projection_name,
events[-1].global_position
)
Template 5: Eventual Consistency Handling
class ConsistentQueryHandler:
"""Query handler that can wait for consistency."""
def __init__(self, read_db, event_store):
self.read_db = read_db
self.event_store = event_store
async def query_after_command(
self,
query: Query,
expected_version: int,
stream_id: str,
timeout: float = 5.0
):
"""
Execute query, ensuring read model is at expected version.
Used for read-your-writes consistency.
"""
start_time = time.time()
while time.time() - start_time < timeout:
# Check if read model is caught up
projection_version = await self._get_projection_version(stream_id)
if projection_version >= expected_version:
return await self.execute_query(query)
# Wait a bit and retry
await asyncio.sleep(0.1)
# Timeout - return stale data with warning
return {
"data": await self.execute_query(query),
"_warning": "Data may be stale"
}
async def _get_projection_version(self, stream_id: str) -> int:
"""Get the last processed event version for a stream."""
async with self.read_db.acquire() as conn:
return await conn.fetchval(
"SELECT last_event_version FROM projection_state WHERE stream_id = $1",
stream_id
) or 0
Best Practices
Do's
Separate command and query models - Different needs
Use eventual consistency - Accept propagation delay
Validate in command handlers - Before state change
Denormalize read models - Optimize for queries
Version your events - For schema evolution
Don'ts
Don't query in commands - Use only for writes
Don't couple read/write schemas - Independent evolution
Don't over-engineer - Start simple
Don't ignore consistency SLAs - Define acceptable lagdon't have the plugin yet? install it then click "run inline in claude" again.